Tissue examination by hand remains an
essential technique in clinical practice. The effective
application depends on skills in sensorimotor coordination,
mainly involving haptic, visual, and auditory feedback.
The skills clinicians have to learn can be as subtle
as regulating finger pressure with breathing, choosing
palpation action, monitoring involuntary facial and vocal
expressions in response to palpation, and using pain
expressions both as a source of information and as a
constraint on physical examination. Patient simulators can
provide a safe learning platform to novice physicians before
trying real patients. This paper reviews state-of-the-art
medical simulators for the training for the first time with
a consideration of providing multimodal feedback to learn
as many manual examination techniques as possible. The
study summarizes current advances in tissue examination
training devices simulating different medical conditions
and providing different types of feedback modalities.
Opportunities with the development of pain expression,
tissue modeling, actuation, and sensing are also analyzed
to support the future design of effective tissue examination
simulators.
robotic simulator
,medical training
,tissue examination
,multimodal simulation
